The Supreme Court's 1793 ruling in Chisholm v. Georgia upheld the authority of citizens from one state to bring suits against other states in federal court. Members of Congress did not approve of this ruling and passed the the 11th Amendment which established the principle of state sovereign immunity.
Question 2The Twelfth Amendment addressed some serious problems with the original process for the election of the two top executive branch positions. Most significantly, it cleaned up the election process by requiring separate Electoral College ballots for the President and Vice-President. Previously, the position of Vice President was granted to the second-place finisher in the presidential election.
Question 3Ratified in 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment is the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments. It bans slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
Question 4The Fourteenth Amendment more clearly defines American citizenship and declares that no state may deny any person within its jurisdiction equal protection under the law. One of the reasons it was enacted was the lack of equal protection provided in states that had Black Codes. Black Codes were laws passed to suppress the new freedom of emancipated African Americans. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified, in part, to remedy these injustices.